{"id":62172,"date":"2021-11-30T16:31:37","date_gmt":"2021-11-30T15:31:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.docsity.com\/en\/?p=62172"},"modified":"2021-11-30T16:31:38","modified_gmt":"2021-11-30T15:31:38","slug":"what-is-the-nobel-prize","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.docsity.com\/en\/living\/what-is-the-nobel-prize\/","title":{"rendered":"What is the Nobel Prize?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Who among us as a child has never dreamed of going to the moon, being a Hollywood actor, playing in the World Cup final or <strong>winning a Nobel Prize<\/strong>? But does anyone know what this prize is and how to win it? Let&#8217;s take a look at the <strong>characteristics, anecdotes and curiosities<\/strong> of this centenary celebration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"gb-headline gb-headline-3a20d6e1 gb-headline-text\"><strong>History and Facts<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.docsity.com\/en\/search\/answers\/?q=Nobel%20Prize\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Nobel Prize<\/a><\/strong> is one of the world&#8217;s known prizes and was first awarded in 1901. Established at the <strong>behest <\/strong>of Alfred Nobel, in accordance with the provisions he left in his will, the prize is awarded annually to those who have distinguished themselves by bringing <em>the greatest benefit to mankind<\/em> in the various fields of human knowledge, from medicine to physics, chemistry, literature and economics. The last of those was only introduced in 1969, at the Bank of Sweden&#8217;s instruction, in honour of Alfred Nobel. In addition to those, the prize is also awarded to personalities who have made a productive and substantial contribution to <strong>peaceful relations <\/strong>between people and nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Normally, the prizes for the various disciplines are awarded during the month of October. The award ceremony takes place on <strong>10 December<\/strong> in Stockholm&#8217;s Concert Hall. The day of the award ceremony is not random, but coincides with the anniversary of Alfred Nobel&#8217;s death.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During the event all prizes are awarded except the Nobel Peace Prize, which is awarded in <strong>Oslo<\/strong>. It was the founder himself, in his will, who defined the locations of the celebrations, as well as the bodies in charge, which are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><em>The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences<\/em> for the Nobel Prize in Physics, Chemistry and Economics;<\/li><li><em>Karolinska Institutet <\/em>for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine<em>;&nbsp;<\/em><\/li><li><em>The Swedish Academy<\/em> for the Nobel Prize in Literature.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Since the premiere in 1901, the ceremony has always taken place, with the exception of the years of the two World Wars.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2><strong>The criteria of Nobel Prize<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The same Nobel can be shared by a maximum of three people and only the Nobel Peace Prize can be awarded to an organisation. In addition to the award, the winners also receive a cash prize, which varies annually and currently  is almost one million euros.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The process of selecting candidates and winners is fairly similar for all fields. Thirteen months before the award, the Commission sends out a request for the identification of a candidate by confidential communication. This choice is made by a <strong>pool of eminent personalities<\/strong>, generally chosen from previous Nobel Prize winners, professors from universities in Scandinavian countries and international academics, and members of the Swedish Royal Academy itself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Overall, this ranges from around<strong> 600 votes to 3,000<\/strong> in the months following the submission of the application, which are checked by the committees in charge. There are several commissions, for all prize-winning disciplines; for example, the &#8220;eighteen&#8221; commission is responsible for the Nobel Prize in Literature; the <strong>Norwegian Nobel Committee<\/strong> is the organization who assigns the Nobel Peace Prize.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These rules are also contained in Alfred Nobel&#8217;s last will and testament. Once the votes have been received, a group of experts then assesses the nominations resulting from the Commission&#8217;s screening of the votes received; the opinions collected are then used for the final vote, which is announced in October.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Not all disciplines are eligible for the prize, such as <strong>mathematics<\/strong>, which according to a widespread legend was excluded because of a betrayal suffered by Alfred Nobel himself from the Swedish mathematician <strong>G\u00f6sta Mittag-Leffler<\/strong>. The veracity of this anecdote is still debated today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"gb-headline gb-headline-df0a6eaa gb-headline-text\"><strong>Who was Alfred Nobel?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Borned in Stockholm on 21 October 1833, Alfred Nobel was a Swedish chemist, entrepreneur and philanthropist. His father was a Swedish entrepreneur, who immigrated to Petersburg in 1842 to produce mines for the Tsarist government. Nobel received private education, which developed his interests in chemistry, engineering and foreign languages. During his youth he was fortunate to travel and expand his knowledge, between Europe and the United States. In Paris, he attended the courses of the chemist <strong>Pelouze <\/strong>and met Professor Ascanio <strong>Sobrero<\/strong>, who had invented <strong>nitroglycerine <\/strong>a few years earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Alongside his interest in explosives, Nobel also had a love for <strong>literature <\/strong>and <strong>art<\/strong>: a reader with over two thousand books in his library, Nobel also composed a number of unsuccessful literary works in English and Swedish, focusing on the melancholy, loneliness and boredom that marked his life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"gb-headline gb-headline-cc7be357 gb-headline-text\"><strong>Dynamite and Testament<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Over the next fifteen years, the Swedish chemist carried out numerous studies and research in the field of explosives, inventing the first relatively stable detonator in 1863. In the same year, his younger brother Emi died during an experiment in the research laboratory, which led to a ban on that explosive in Stockholm. The loss shocked Nobel, who nevertheless, succeeded a year later in perfecting his work on nitroglycerine, by using a powder initially composed of kieselguhr and thus creating <strong>dynamite<\/strong>, patented in 1867.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A few years later, in 1875, while following work on stabilizing agents for explosives, he invented <strong>explosive jelly<\/strong>, obtained by mixing Collodion Cotton with nitroglycerine and Ballistite, a smokeless gunpowder. These and other projects (those remains can be found in <strong>Italy<\/strong>, near Avigliana in Piedmont), many of which were patented (around 360 of them), enabling him to obtain a <strong>great fortune<\/strong>, that he used in his business activities and allowed him to acquire several Swedish companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1888, Nobel was at the heart of a sensational and decisive misunderstanding: the death of his brother Ludwig was mistakenly reported by a French newspaper as was of the chemistry&#8217;s itself. A harshly and condemning obituary was dedicated to Nobel&#8217;s inventions, responsible for the deaths of thousands of people with dynamite. This shocked the last years of Nobel&#8217;s life as he questioned the possibility of a &#8220;better legacy&#8221; for mankind by investing his energies in public causes. Those efforts were oriented towards <strong>medicine<\/strong>, <strong>disarmament <\/strong>and <strong>peace<\/strong>. Inspired by feelings of philanthropy, in 1895 he worked on his will, containing the characteristics of the Prize. He died a year later in 1896 of a cerebral hemorrhage in his villa in <strong>Sanremo<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"gb-headline gb-headline-582e7aaf gb-headline-text\"><strong>Prize-winning discoveries<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Although it is almost impossible to make a selection of the most important researches or works that have received the coveted prize, some of them have remained in our memory. In 1903, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.docsity.com\/en\/search\/documents\/?q=Marie%20Curie\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Marie Curie<\/a><\/strong> and her husband were awarded the prize for their work on <strong>radioactive phenomena<\/strong>; she also won the prize in 1911 for the discovery of <strong>radium and polonium<\/strong>. She is currently the <strong>only woman<\/strong> to have won two Nobel Prizes, in two different disciplines.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1921, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.docsity.com\/en\/search\/documents\/?q=ALBERT%20EINSTEIN\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Albert Einstein<\/a><\/strong> was awarded the prize for discovering <strong>the law of the photoelectric effect<\/strong>, and in 1945, Sir <strong>Albert Fleming<\/strong> was awarded the prize for discovering the antibiotic properties of penicillin on mould-laden plates. A year later, <strong>Herman Muller<\/strong> was awarded the Medicine Prize for the first <strong>X-ray<\/strong> controlled gene mutation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1962, the Nobel Prize in medicine was given to another sensational research, the one to understand <strong>the structure of DNA<\/strong>, by <strong>Watson<\/strong>, <strong>Crick <\/strong>and <strong>Wilkins<\/strong>. In 2013, the prize was awarded to the physicist <strong>Higgs<\/strong>, who is credited for the discovery of the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.docsity.com\/en\/search\/documents\/?q=Higgs%20boson\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">boson<\/a><\/strong>, the subatomic particle, pursued by scientists for half a century; another mention goes to the game theory developed by the scientist <strong>John Nash<\/strong> in 1994, which gave him the prize for economics and was used in the famous movie <em>A Beautiful Mind<\/em>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Equally important in history are the Peace Prizes to <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.docsity.com\/en\/search\/documents\/?q=Martin%20Luther%20King\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Martin Luther King<\/a> <\/strong>in 1964, to <strong>Mother Teresa of Calcutta<\/strong> in 1979, to <strong>Mandela <\/strong>in 1993 and more recently, to <strong>Nadia Murad<\/strong> and <strong>Denis Mukwege<\/strong> in 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"gb-headline gb-headline-0dd4d009 gb-headline-text\"><strong>Curiosity<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Over the years, the coveted award has also attracted a number of anecdotes and curiosities, such as <strong>the nomination of Adolf Hitler for the Peace Prize<\/strong> in 1939: this proposal, which later turned out to be a pure provocation by the Swedish politician and anti-fascist Erik Brandt to award the prize to the British Prime Minister Chamberlain, initially caused a scandal and stir. Hitler himself forbidden two scientists from Nazi Germany from accepting the prize in previous editions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The 2020 edition is currently the only one in the event&#8217;s history to be <strong>broadcasted online<\/strong>, following the Coronavirus pandemic. In 2019, physicist John B. <strong>Goodenough <\/strong>became at the age of<strong> 97<\/strong> the oldest person to receive a Nobel Prize for discovering, alongside with Stanley Whittingham and Akira Yoshino, the <strong>lithium batteries<\/strong> that completely transformed the way we work and travel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"gb-headline gb-headline-c7334291 gb-headline-text\">Distinguished rejections and countries with more Nobel Prize winners<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.docsity.com\/en\/search\/answers\/?q=Jean-Paul%20Sartre\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Jean-Paul <strong>Sartre<\/strong><\/a> refused the prize for literature, awarded to him in 1964. <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.docsity.com\/en\/search\/answers\/?q=Lev%20Tolstoj\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Lev Tolstoj<\/a><\/strong>, who was nominated in 1906, was later excluded because he &#8220;condemned all forms of civilization, claiming to replace them with a primitive way of life, detached from any institution of high culture&#8221;. When he discovered his nomination, the Russian writer asked not to be awarded the prize.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1958, the author of the cult classic Doctor Zhivago, <strong>Boris Pasternak<\/strong>, received a letter for the Nobel Prize, but under pressure from the <strong>KGB<\/strong>,<strong> <\/strong>he was never able to collect it, dying two years later in total <strong>poverty<\/strong>. A similar episode occurred during the 1970 edition; <strong>Alexander Solzhenitsyn<\/strong>, winner of the prize, was only able to collect his diploma, medal and money in 1975, following his expulsion from the <strong>USSR<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.docsity.com\/en\/search\/documents\/?q=George%20Bernard%20Shaw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">George Bernard Shaw<\/a><\/strong>, while accepted the Prize, refused the money, making the following comment:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p>I can forgive Alfred Nobel for inventing dynamite, but only a fiend in human form could have invented the Nobel Prize. <\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>In addition to Bob Dylan&#8217;s rejection in 2016, recent editions have also seen opposition from the Chinese government to the Peace Prize awarding, be given to Lu Xiaobo, a literary critic and human rights defender.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The United States is the country with the most Nobel Prizes in history, 270, followed by the United Kingdom with 117 and Germany with 103.\u00a0French occupies the fourth place, while Sweden closes the Top5 with 30 medals<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2><strong>English-speaking winners<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In <strong>1945 <\/strong>the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine went to Sir Alexander <strong>Fleming<\/strong>, Ernst <strong>Chain <\/strong>and Sir Howard <strong>Florey <\/strong>for their discovery of <strong>penicillin<\/strong>, a fungus, and its use as an antibiotic. Sir Alexander made the discovery accidentally when he ate a moldy piece of bread and was cured of an infectious disease. Fleming discovered in the laboratory that a fungus had grown in a stack of mirrors containing bacteria.&nbsp;Bacteria had died in the plates immediately surrounding the fungus, while bacteria in plates further away were unaffected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fleming spent the next two decades studying the antibacterial effects of what he first called &#8220;mold juice&#8221; and later called <a href=\"https:\/\/www.docsity.com\/en\/search\/documents\/?q=penicillin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>penicillin<\/em> <\/a>after the discovery of the genus of the fungus (<strong>Penicillium<\/strong>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Francis Crick<\/strong> and <strong>James Watson<\/strong> won the Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine in 1962 for discovering that DNA is shaped like a double helix. Maurice Wilkins shared the prize with them for producing some of the first evidence to support their claim: he used the technique of X-ray crystallography to trace the shape of the DNA molecule. Their prize remains controversial. Watson and Crick formed their hypothesis about the shape of DNA in 1953 only after analysing an X-ray diffraction image of DNA taken by a biophysicist named Rosalind Franklin a year earlier, who had already written a draft of her paper on the helical shape of DNA before Watson and Crick wrote theirs, but her contribution was overlooked.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At the age of 35, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.docsity.com\/en\/search\/answers\/?q=Martin%20Luther%20King\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Reverend Martin Luther King Jr<\/a>. became the <strong>youngest person<\/strong> to receive the Nobel Peace Prize when his work to end <strong>racial discrimination<\/strong> in the United States through non-violent means was awarded in 1964. His <em>I Have a Dream<\/em> speech, delivered a year earlier from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial before a crowd of 200,000, was just one of many famous and influential speeches King gave as a leader of the <strong>civil rights movement.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.docsity.com\/en\/search\/documents\/?q=hernest%20Hemingway\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ernest Hemingway<\/a> received the award in the year 1954, in the field of literature. Through his books, he ignited the public consciousness towards the general good and also had an enormous impact on the global literature. He was praised for his <em>mastery of the art of storytelling<\/em> by the Nobel Prize Committee as both children and adults appreciate his work.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Who among us as a child has never dreamed of going to the moon, being a Hollywood actor, playing in the World Cup final or &#8230; <a title=\"What is the Nobel Prize?\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.docsity.com\/en\/living\/what-is-the-nobel-prize\/\" aria-label=\"More on What is the Nobel Prize?\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":62182,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_generate-full-width-content":""},"categories":[14912],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v17.2.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>What is the Nobel Prize? - Blog EN<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Do you know what Nobel Prize is? 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